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…èã'ªè: µÌ'ª-3; °¤€œ, ºª¨™þ'ª€¥, źþ'«Å; †Ì'ª ŠòêÆ›è-14, œª¥œ€º —°'±è: 9; ºª¨™þ'ª€¥, °¤œ'ÛÑ, þºÌ'Û̬, ŠÌ´°µ'¨, ±Ïþ×'«Å, ±Ï€×Æ'ì, º'ºµ'œÅ, źþ'«Å, ±ÏØ€¥Àϳ–Ñ; µ'¥'æÀòé —°'±-1, °¤œ'ÛÑ.
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12 ‚¯¨æ™ ŠÏÃ€é µ¥™Å À'ÀÅ ¥¹€°ÇÖ µ€¥—ºìÅ. °¤€œÇÖ ƒÌ'œÌ'œïò œ°Æ´ ±Ïµ'è; ô³¿ ºÖÒ'™; À'ת¥Å Ãà׳Š‚¦¿—ºÏ™, —º'›Ö, 'Ñ´±€, ±Ï€×Æ'ÍÖ œ¿°ø°'îÅ, ±Æ'Ì'ó ‚Ì'°€î ðÓÆî.
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°¤œ'ÛÑ ‡òé³Å ¶€îØí ×Ì™˜¦Æ³ —ºÍÆ þ'ØÖ°'ò. ƒÌ'óÌ'ó þœ'Ýò 'Ò´±Ö ª¥¿ºª¥³. ƒ™þ'ØÖ '—ºÏÚ€¥Æ'Ñ þ'ØÖ' ‡òì ™'Ò´±Ö €Ý™¿ºª¥³. °¤€œ™ þ'ØÓò ØÀ'îÅ°'ò —°òï¹±Æ'ØþÒþÆ …ÆÌÀ'î³. ˆé´°'Ý 190 ¦ þ'ØÓò þÀÖ°ãÅ 80 ¥ò ‡€¥ —'¯¥ ŠþÌ ÖÒ'Ö €À™¿ºª¥³. ƒ›èã Ó›ÃÅ —ºÍƳ; µ¹±ÉÅ —ºÍƳ. °ÁÝ´±Ö þ×—é›Å ƒÜ×ãÚ —ºÍÆ ãÚ íº›è Ž€¥Æ'³. ŠþÌ ÖÒ'Ò'î€× ƒ€×. Ï×€é™ þ'½Ì ¶€Òäò …èþã ‚¥×ÖÒ'ò ‚¦Æ 108 Ì«›äÖ 81 Àª¨Å —œ³™¿ºª¨èã³. Àíé€× —œ³™ ƒ¥Å Ø¥¿ºª¨èã³. ƒ°ò Ÿíì¢ Ÿ×ÑäÖ 10-‚Å ¸–íé'¯¨ þœ'ÝÑ 'Ò ‹ØÆ›è Ž€¥´³èãî. þœ'ÝÑ 'Ò´±í »òîÑ µ'Æ™Ñ 'Ò´±Ö »è€ãÆ'Ñ, ÃÏò þ'ØÖ, ź'æ™'î °ï™ þ'ØÖ, µ¹± À¯¥ºÅ ðÓÆ€× ª¥¿ºª¥î. þ'ØþÒ þ'ª€¥ þº'Ò '«¿º¨Žé³. þ'Ø€Ò¢ Ÿíê Þ ƒÏ™Žé³. Þ™ ÖÒ€«™ 'Ö×'ÇÓϹ³ °¯Ñ ×ÏŽé³.
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þœ'ÝÑ 'Ò Ì¯À€î Þ¹° »íº'¨, µ'Æ™Ñ 'Ò´±Ö Ï¥ò ºé¿º³ þº'òé צ״±Ö ‹Ñ ̯À€î ª¥¿ºª¨èã³. ̯À€îÇñè ðÓÖ ¸€Ý¹°Ú¥ò µÅ ¯¬Ö º¨×³ ˜¥ þ'½ÌÃÅ, À'¥ À'ä€ÉÅ°'ò. °í¨´³ œ›° À'Ö. ƒ¹° œ›° À'Ö ƒ€œ, µ'ª¦Æ œ'´±Ì ãÚæ™ ˆí麦 ª¥¿ ºª¨èã³. ‡›ŽÏ¹³ º'¦î'ÕÅ ŠÓ ŠþÌ À'±Í ƒÏ™Å! ƒ¹° ª¦¥´±ò ÏŽþÒþÆ ãÅ þº'òé º±ÇÖ °¯€Ì ª¦´ þ°™Ž ب×'Ñã'Å. À'ÓÖ þÀ㙪¨ ŠþÌ À'±Í ƒÏ¿º°í ƒ³°'ò 'Ì«Å ‡òì ƒ€œ°Áâ ØíºòîÑ Ÿ¹°þÌœî'Ñ —œ'ÖÕ×'Ñ.
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1910 ‚Å ‚¯¨ Ã°Ö °ïת¥À' ±âŽé³. ƒÜת¥´±Ö 104 —ºÍÆ ŽÌ'À›è …èãî. ˆ¨ þ°¦Æ ˆ¹°Ö ….þ×. œ'Áµ'°ËÆÑ »é¹°³ ƒ›èã …´°À°'î ½Ì´±Ö°'ò. °ÁÞ€œ ×'«Ñ ×ò »é¹°³ º'ºµ'œ´±Ö°'ò. ƒÜÛÑ þ'ØÓÖ 108 Ó››è …èãî. º'ºµ'œÅ, ËÆÅþºª€¥, º¯¥'Ì×€¥ ‡òé Äòì —ºÍÆ †ÑäÕÅ ÃøÔÅ À™è —ºÏÀãØÖ ×'â¹³ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ƒÅÄòì †ÑäÕÅ µÖÒ ×¯¥ÖÀ¯ —'¯¥ —œÞ¿º'î —µÖ Ø€ãÉÅ º±è ‚Å. ƒ¿º±ÇÓϹ³ °¤€œ œ¹€°™ ±îÃÅ ¾™è ñ¿º¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³.
1910 ‚Å ‚¯¨ Ã°Ö °ïת¥À' ±âŽé³. ƒÜת¥´±Ö 104 —ºÍÆ ŽÌ'À›è …èãî. ˆ¨ þ°¦Æ ˆ¹°Ö ….þ×. œ'Áµ'°ËÆÑ »é¹°³ ƒ›èã …´°À°'î ½Ì´±Ö°'ò. °ÁÞ€œ ×'«Ñ ×ò »é¹°³ º'ºµ'œ´±Ö°'ò. ƒÜÛÑ þ'ØÓÖ 108 Ó››è …èãî. º'ºµ'œÅ, ËÆÅþºª€¥, º¯¥'Ì×€¥ ‡òé Äòì —ºÍÆ †ÑäÕÅ ÃøÔÅ À™è —ºÏÀãØÖ ×'â¹³ ×ÏŽòéîÑ. ƒÅÄòì †ÑäÕÅ µÖÒ ×¯¥ÖÀ¯ —'¯¥ —œÞ¿º'î —µÖ Ø€ãÉÅ º±è ‚Å. ƒ¿º±ÇÓϹ³ °¤€œ œ¹€°™ ±îÃÅ ¾™è ñ¿º¿ºª¨ ×ÏŽé³.
ŠÌ´° µ'¨:
ƒ¿º± 99 ŽÌ'À›€ã™ —'¯¥³. 1954 Ã°Ö °ïת¥À'¢ —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. —µÖ, ÏŽ, þ×Ñ™¥€Ò þº'òé€× œ'º¦ —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. œÌþº'ó' ÀòîÌ'Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ '֜ڙÅ' þ×€Ò¿º'ªþ¥'¨ '«¿º¨Žé³. ƒÜۀ̢ Ÿíê …áÑ, ¯«¹°›¦, º'¿º' µ'¨, —°òîÀµ'¨ þº'òé€× …èãî. ê¿»ª¨¢ —œ'ÖÒ þׯ¦Æ —ºÏÀ™è º'¿º' µ'¨ óÂò°'Ñ, À€ÒÆ¿ºò ‰.ˆ.‡ø.; ‡Ö. þ«œò, Ãòî'è €À¢œÑ ‡ø.¦. þœ'ÀŸ¹°ÌÅ, þ°'ÝÑ ×Ì'Àò ðÓþÆ'Ñ.
ƒ¿º± 99 ŽÌ'À›€ã™ —'¯¥³. 1954 Ã°Ö °ïת¥À'¢ —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. —µÖ, ÏŽ, þ×Ñ™¥€Ò þº'òé€× œ'º¦ —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. œÌþº'ó' ÀòîÌ'Ö ª¥¿ºª¥ '֜ڙÅ' þ×€Ò¿º'ªþ¥'¨ '«¿º¨Žé³. ƒÜۀ̢ Ÿíê …áÑ, ¯«¹°›¦, º'¿º' µ'¨, —°òîÀµ'¨ þº'òé€× …èãî. ê¿»ª¨¢ —œ'ÖÒ þׯ¦Æ —ºÏÀ™è º'¿º' µ'¨ óÂò°'Ñ, À€ÒÆ¿ºò ‰.ˆ.‡ø.; ‡Ö. þ«œò, Ãòî'è €À¢œÑ ‡ø.¦. þœ'ÀŸ¹°ÌÅ, þ°'ÝÑ ×Ì'Àò ðÓþÆ'Ñ.
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±Ì'źª¦îÅ œ'æ×µ'Æ™òºª¦îÅ, þœ³º'×'œ´±ÌÅ, ÅÁ¬ œ´±ÌÅ þº'òé †ÑäÖ Âò»¦¿½ ÙŽÆ —°'ÞÒ'Å. ƒ›¿ »¦™¿º¨Å ÂòæÅ …èµ'ª¦Ö Á¹° ×Ìþ×í»Ï™Žé³. Ï×'¨™Å ƒÜÛÑè 鿽¿ —ºíì´ ±âŽé³. …¿ºã´ —°'ÞÖ —ºÏÀãÚ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³.
±Ì'źª¦îÅ œ'æ×µ'Æ™òºª¦îÅ, þœ³º'×'œ´±ÌÅ, ÅÁ¬ œ´±ÌÅ þº'òé †ÑäÖ Âò»¦¿½ ÙŽÆ —°'ÞÒ'Å. ƒ›¿ »¦™¿º¨Å ÂòæÅ …èµ'ª¦Ö Á¹° ×Ìþ×í»Ï™Žé³. Ï×'¨™Å ƒÜÛÑè 鿽¿ —ºíì´ ±âŽé³. …¿ºã´ —°'ÞÖ —ºÏÀãÚ µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³.
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ƒ› þÀª©Ñ —Á™Öø ¶ì×î´±ò Ìœ'Æî ÀéÇÒ'î …¿½ °Æ'Í´°Ö µò µ¥¹³ ×ÏŽé³.
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ƒ› ''œþµ'Ë »Í€×' ÀÏ´³×Ñè º'љŠ—œ›Ž¿ºª¦ œ'ïþ¥'ÍÆÅ €À¹³èã³.
ƒ› ''œþµ'Ë »Í€×' ÀÏ´³×Ñè º'љŠ—œ›Ž¿ºª¦ œ'ïþ¥'ÍÆÅ €À¹³èã³.
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¥¹€°™ ÏŽÖ €À¹³èã †Ñ. À¥´±í¢ —œ'¹°À'î —œ¹°Áâ™ ÖÕ–Í ºÒ ‚¯¨ 'ÒÀ' ƒÆ›Ž ×ÏŽé³. ƒ› °Áâ º¦™Å À'«×Ñæ™ …¯« …«ÚÅ, ƒÏ™ ƒ¥ÃÅ ƒÒלÀ' °¹³ ÖØ í»™¿º¨Žé³.
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±Ï×'¨³€é À¥Å 15‚Å ¸–íé'¯¦Ö þ°'òêƳ. €œ×´€°ÉÅ, °Á€ÝÉÅ ƒÏ ¯ã'™ —'¯¨ —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ›°'ò À'Ø´×'ò Âî'ª Ÿ¹°ÌÅ»è€ã °Áâ í»´³ ×¹°'Ñ. ×Ï€¥Æ À'«×þÌ ….þ×. œ'Áµ'°ËÆÑ. º€ÝÆ 'Ò ÏÒ™ ÖØ Ã€éÇÖ À¥´±þÒþÆ °›Ž, …«Ú Ú¯¨ º¦´°×Ñ ….þ×.œ'. À¥´±ò ×'ÇÒ' 100™Å þÀíºª¥¸–Öè —×äÇ¥¿ºª¨èãî. ºÒ —'€¥è ¶ì׿ºª¨èãî.
±Ï×'¨³€é À¥Å 15‚Å ¸–íé'¯¦Ö þ°'òêƳ. €œ×´€°ÉÅ, °Á€ÝÉÅ ƒÏ ¯ã'™ —'¯¨ —œÆÖºª¨ ×ÏŽé³. ƒ›°'ò À'Ø´×'ò Âî'ª Ÿ¹°ÌÅ»è€ã °Áâ í»´³ ×¹°'Ñ. ×Ï€¥Æ À'«×þÌ ….þ×. œ'Áµ'°ËÆÑ. º€ÝÆ 'Ò ÏÒ™ ÖØ Ã€éÇÖ À¥´±þÒþÆ °›Ž, …«Ú Ú¯¨ º¦´°×Ñ ….þ×.œ'. À¥´±ò ×'ÇÒ' 100™Å þÀíºª¥¸–Öè —×äÇ¥¿ºª¨èãî. ºÒ —'€¥è ¶ì׿ºª¨èãî.
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°ÁÝ Ìœ'Ö 1981 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ¶ì׿ºª¥³. —À'Þ, ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ ºíêÆ ‚ËÚè —œË³ ×í€é —×äǨ׳; ֗ת¨ ÀíìÅ ‹€Ò¢Ÿ×¦è ×í€é ½´°À' —×äǨ׳; €Ò™ ã¤ÆÅ °Æ'Í¿º³; °Áâ¿ º¯º'ª€¥ …Ò …«Ñ´³Å ׯ«Å ‚ËÚ; Ï›'ªÆÅ €À´°Ö; …Ò´ °ÁÝÑæ¥ò …éÚ €À´°Ö ¹¶Æ µ'ª¦îÑ™ °Áâ í»´°Ö ‚ŽÆ Ïź¬€ã ƒ¿ºÖ€Ò™ÝÅ ‚íê ×ÏŽé³. Á¿—ºÍÆ ¸–ÒÅ ƒ› €À¹³èã³. 1996 ‚Å ‚¯¨ …Ò´ °Áâ À'µ'¨ ƒ› 鿺' µ¥´°¿ºª¥³.
°ÁÝ Ìœ'Ö 1981 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ¶ì׿ºª¥³. —À'Þ, ƒÒ™ŽÆÅ ºíêÆ ‚ËÚè —œË³ ×í€é —×äǨ׳; ֗ת¨ ÀíìÅ ‹€Ò¢Ÿ×¦è ×í€é ½´°À' —×äǨ׳; €Ò™ ã¤ÆÅ °Æ'Í¿º³; °Áâ¿ º¯º'ª€¥ …Ò …«Ñ´³Å ׯ«Å ‚ËÚ; Ï›'ªÆÅ €À´°Ö; …Ò´ °ÁÝÑæ¥ò …éÚ €À´°Ö ¹¶Æ µ'ª¦îÑ™ °Áâ í»´°Ö ‚ŽÆ Ïź¬€ã ƒ¿ºÖ€Ò™ÝÅ ‚íê ×ÏŽé³. Á¿—ºÍÆ ¸–ÒÅ ƒ› €À¹³èã³. 1996 ‚Å ‚¯¨ …Ò´ °Áâ À'µ'¨ ƒ› 鿺' µ¥´°¿ºª¥³.
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°ÁÞ€œ ÃÅÄÑ´±ã'î Ï«'œÒ ØÌ'ÆÑ (1711-78) ô³´ °'¯¥×Ñ (1560-1670); À'Íô°'¿»è€ã (1712-87) »é¹°³ º€ÝÆ þœ'Ý À¯¥ÒÅ°'ò. —°Õ›Ž€œ ÃÅÄÑ´±ã'î ±Æ'Ì'ó Ÿ×'Áè (1767-1847); ô³œ'Á ²ªœ°Ñ (1775-1834), Æ'À' œ'ø±Íè (1762-1827) ƒ×Ñè »é¹°³ þœ'ÝÀ¯¥ÒÅ°'ò. —°Õ›Ž€œ ‡Ü×'ì °ÁÞ€œ€Æ ¿ºª¥À'™ ×ѹ³ ×ãѹ°³ ‡òº€°ÉÅ, ÜØ€œ™ ƒ€œ ƒÒ™«Å œÍÆ' €ÀÆØÖ€Ò ‡òº€°ÉÅ ¯¦»¦´° ‚»Ì'Å º¯¦°Ñ ƒÆíêÆ 'Ï«'ÁÏ°œ'ÌÅ' °¤€œÇÖ °'ò …Ï×'î³. 'Æ'⸖Ö' ƒÆíêÆ Ø½Ò'î¹°Ñ ¹¸–€Ò °¤€œ —'èã'Ž´³–ÍÖ °'ò Ì›þíêî'Ñ. º±¿»´°³ ̹€° °Á⢠œ›Å. ƒ³ °ØÌ ×'Ë¿º'ª¦Ö ×ÖÒ×ÑæÅ ƒ›°'ò þ°'òêî'Ñè. °ÁÞ€œ¢ ÏØã'î µ'°ŸÌÅ, °ØÖ, ÁÏ°›Å, Ù€« ðÓÆî ƒ› —œËÆ¿º¨Žòéî. µ'°ŸÌ œ™Ì×Ñ´± ±Ï×'¨³€é ƒÌ'óÌ´±îÅ, ±ÏØ€¥Àϳ–Ñ ÙÌ'œ'Á»è€ã, ×Ò›€ À'ò œ¯ÃŸ¹°ÌŠðÓþÆ'Ñ œ'°€îÆ'ãÑè. »¦Ö ƒÌ'óÀ'¬™Å »è€ã ½â ×'˹´ €Ò£Ñ. ×ÆÓ€î ѵ'¥ ƒ€œÇÖ ºÆòº¨´±Æ×Ñ °¤€œ µ'Ö×ÑäÖ ŠÏ×Ì'î צþ×Ö»è€ã ‚×'Ñ. ‚›ŽþÒÆ þº¯ª ×'´±ÆÃÅ ƒ›°'ò ðòðÓÖ µÅÄÑ ØÝ'ØÖ ×'™ ‚ÌÅ»´°îÑ. Ù€« °îÅÀ'è, °'˜Ñ Ãò½ ×'´³¿ ½â —ºíé×Ñ.
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